重點關注！ACCA考試科目F2重難點資料！
ACCA考試科目一共有15門，其中F2為《管理會計》，這門科目的主要內容是關于管理會計體系的主要元素和管理會計的作用，其中涉及較多的知識點多且雜，如管理會計，管理信息，成本會計等，考試難點較多，F2《管理會計》重點難點資料，具體如下：
1.Target cost=target selling price–target profit=market price–desired profit margin.
2.cost gap=estimated cost–target cost.
3.TQM:
?、賞reventing costs
?、赼ppraisal costs
?、踚nternal failure costs
?、躤xternal failure cost
4.Alternative costing principle:
?、貯BC(activity based costing)
②Target costing
?、跮ife cycle
?、躎QM
8.Time series:
?、賢rend
?、趕easonal variation:⑴加法模型sum to zero;⑵乘法模型sum to 4
?、踓yclical variation
④random variation
9.pricipal budget factor關鍵預算因子：be limited the activities
10.budget purpose:
?、賑ommunication
?、赾oordination
?、踓ompel the plan
④motivative employees
⑤resource allocation
11.Budget committee的功能：①coordinated②administration
12.Budget:①function budget②master budget:1.P&L;2.B/S;3.Cash Flow
13.Fixed Budget:不是在于固不固定，而是基于一個業(yè)務量的考慮，financail expression.
Flexible Budget:包含了固定成本和變動成本，并且變動成本的變化是隨著業(yè)務量的變化而改變。
14.Flexible Budget的優(yōu)點：
?、賠ecognize different cost behavior.
?、趇mprove quality and a comparison of like with like
?、踙elp managers to forecast cost,revenue and profit.
15.Flexible Budget的缺點：
?、偌僭O太簡單。
?、谛枰嗟臅r間準備預算編制。
16.Controllable cost is a“cost which can be influenced by”its budget holder.大部分的變動成本是可控的，non-controllable cost為inflation.
17.Budget Behavior:
?、賞articipate approach
?、趇mposed budget
18.payback投資回收期的缺點：
?、賗gnore profitability
?、趖he time value of money is ignored
③沒有考慮項目后期帶來的經濟利益
④arbitray武斷
19.payback投資回收期的優(yōu)點：
?、賓asy to calculate
?、趙idely use
③minimize the effect of the risk and help liqidity
★如果在算投資回收期的時候，發(fā)生折舊，則需要加回折舊，因為折舊是非現金項目。
20.(1+real interst rate)*(1+inflation rate)=(1+nominal interest rate)
21.NPV=present value of future net cash flow–present value of initial cost
22.永續(xù)年金=A/i
23.每年的匯報是相同的就查看年金現值系數表，不同的就查看年金系數表。
24.EAR=CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n–1有效年利率
25.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
?、買RR>cost of capital,NPV>0,worth taking
?、贗RR<cost of capital,NPV<0,not worthwhile.
26.ARR=average profit/average investment(ARR是基于profit)
Average investment=(initial investment–residual value)/2
27.type of standard:
?、賐asic standard
?、赾urrent standard
?、踚deal standard
?、躠ttainable standard
28.Variance
ⅠMaterial Variance
?、舤otal material variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、苖aterial price variance=(standard price–actual price)*actual quantity
?、莔aterial usage variance=(standard usage of actual output-actual usage)*standard price.
ⅡDirect Labor Variance
?、舠tandard pay–actual pay
⑵Labor rate variances=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs of actual output
⑶Labor efficiency variances=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、骎ariable production overhead variances
?、臫otal variable O.H.variance=standard cost–actual cost
?、芕ariable O.H.expenditure variance=(standard rate–actual rate)*actual hrs
⑶Variable O.H.efficiency variance=(standard hrs of actual output–actual hrs)*standard rate
?、鬎ixed O.H.expenditure variance
?、臚ixed O.H.Expenditure variance=budget expenditure–actual expenditure
?、艶ixed O.H.volume=(actual output-budgeted volume)*standard hrs per unit*standard rate per hr.
?、荂apacity variance=(actual hrs worked–budgeted hrs worked)*standard rate per hr
?、菶fficiency variance=(standard hrs worked for actual output–actual hrs worked)*standard rate per hr⑴+⑵：Fixed O.H.total variance=fixed O.H.absorbed–actual expenditure
ⅤSales variance
?、臩ales price variances=(actual price–budget price)*actual sales units
?、芐ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard profit per unit
(absorption)
?、荢ales volume variances=(actual sales units–budget sales units)*standard CPU(marginal costing)
?、鯥dle time variances
Idle time variance=(expected idle time–actual idle time)*adjusted hr rate
29.The elements of a mission statement including:
①Purpose
?、赟trategy
?、跴olicies and standards of behavior
?、躒alues and culture
30.A critical success factor is a performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.
31.Profitability ratios
?、賀eturn on capital employed(ROCE)
=profit before interest and tax/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
②Return on equity(ROE)=profit after tax/shareholders’funds×100%
?、跘sset turnover=sales/capital employed×100%
=sales/(shareholders’funds+long-term liabilities)×100%
④Profit margin=profit before interest and tax/sales×100%
Profit margin×asset turnover=ROCE
32.Debt and gearing ratios
?、貲ebt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities/total equity×100%
?、贗nterest cover=PBIT/Interest×100%
33.Liquidity ratios
①Current ratio=current assets/current liabilities
?、赒uick ratio(acid test ratio)=current assets minus inventory/current liabilities
34.Working capital ratios
①Inventory days=average inventory*365/cost of sales
?、赗eceivables days=average trade receivables*365/sales
?、跴ayables days=average trade payables*365/cost of sales(or purchases)
35.Non-financial performance measures
Non-financial performance measures are considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
?、費arket share
②Innovation
?、跥rowth
④Productivity
?、軶uality
?、轘ocial aspects
36.The balanced scorecard:
?、賔inancial perspective
②external perspective
?、踓ustomer perspective
?、躭earning and innovation perspective
37.Benchmarking:
?、買nternal benchmarking
②Competitive benchmarking
?、跢unctional benchmarking
?、躍trategic benchmarking
38.Value analysis is a planned,scientific approach to cost reduction,which reviews the material composition of a product and the product's design so that modifications and improvements can be made which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
39.Four aspects of'value'should be considered:
①Cost value
?、贓xchange value
?、踀tility value
?、蹺steem value
40.ROI=PBIT/capital employed*100%
Widely used and accepted;As a relative measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of different sizes.
41.RI=PBIT-Imputed interest*capital employed.
Possible to use different rates of interest for different types of assets;Cost of finance is being considered.
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